![]() Within the context of this paper and its companion publications, the term fallout refers primarily to the radioactive particulate debris from nuclear weapon detonations, though it also can include vapors of iodine and other volatile radionuclides. Similarly, it was recognized that the fallout from nuclear detonations could spread radioactive debris over sizeable geographic areas and potentially expose large populations at significant distances from the detonation site. The phenomenon, termed fallout, was recognized from the onset of testing as a potential health hazard to man and animals. S ince the Manhattan Project, when scientists began contemplating the test of the Trinity device in 1945, it has been recognized that radioactive debris in the form of particles of varying sizes, composition, and activity created by a nuclear detonation would eventually deposit on the earth. The intention of this work is to provide a usable and consistent methodology for both prospective and retrospective assessments of exposure from radioactive fallout from a nuclear detonation. In addition, this paper includes a brief discussion of secondary issues related to assessments of radiation dose from fallout. These five papers present methods and data for estimating radionuclide deposition of fallout radionuclides, internal and external dose from the deposited fallout, and discussion of the uncertainties in the assessed doses. Here, the models, rationale, and data needed for a detailed state-of-the-art dose assessment for exposure to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations discussed in five companion papers are summarized. ![]() #FALLOUT 4 HEALTH CALCULATOR FULL#Thus, the need exists for a well conceptualized, well described, and internally consistent methodology for dose estimation that takes full advantage of the experience gained over the last 70 y in both measurement technology and dose assessment methodology. In recent years, the prospects that a nuclear device might be detonated due to a regional or global political conflict, by violation of present nuclear weapons test ban agreements, or due to an act of terrorism, has increased. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. ![]() #FALLOUT 4 HEALTH CALCULATOR LICENSE#This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. Simon, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, or email at. ![]() The authors declare no conflicts of interest.įor correspondence contact: Steven L. 1National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDĢNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (retired)ģUS Department of Energy (retired), New York, NYĤDepartment of Radiology, University of Utah (Emeritus), Henderson, NVĥOak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc., Oak Ridge, TNĦState Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation. ![]()
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